Religions Panel

Whether you follow a religion, or faith, cultural and religious awareness is very important for every individual to possess. Interfaith Religions Panel gives the members of the University of Texas community a chance to learn about various faiths, religion, and irreligion. This is a chance to get misconceptions cleared without feeling embarrassed and to learn about the backgrounds of your various peers. Not only do the panelists and the audiences learn about various faiths, but they also learn about their own faiths. Questions focus on a range of topics such the basic tenants of one’s faith and a possibility of amalgamation of religion and science in one’s faith. This year, Judaism, Sikhism, Islam, Baha’I Faith, Christianity, Secular worldview, and Hinduism will be represented on the panel

Some questions that were asked: 

Is there a generalization, assumption, stereotype, or criticism about your respective faith that you would like to address? Or What is the greatest misconception about your faith that you can think of? Please clear it up.

Who founded your faith? What is the central message of your faith? 

What are the basic tenants of your religion?

Most religions have a text(s) that they base their beliefs on. What is the particular text in your religion and what role does it play in the way people live their lives?

Movie Night Meeting

During this meeting we talked about two different concepts seen in Hinduism.  We started off the meeting asking members what the significance of om was!  After that we showed this clip to jumpstart further explanation and discussion of this concept: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HwSKkKrUzUk

When Om is written in its original form it indicates three morae or syllables:  ओ३म् or a-u-m(a).  Each syllable represents one of the three elementary aspects of Shakti or devine energy. A is for creation, U is for preservation and M is for liberation or destruction.  Here the circle of life represents that cycle.  As an expansion of that, here is another clip from the lion king that we looked at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bW7PlTaawfQ.  In Mufasa's explanation, creation is essentially when a lion is born, preservation is the lion's appetite for the antelope and destruction/ liberation is the death of the lion.  It comes in full circle when the lion's become the grass for the antelope, thus the circle of life is om.

Before we talked about maya, we gave everyone a maze. You can find that maze online at http://www.weirdly.net/artwork/mazes/maze-1.png. The point of the activity was to show that the maze represents an illusion that stands between the start and the finish.  From there we go into maya.  

In the simplest form maya can be described as an illusion of distinction or separation.  To clarify the concept further, we told a story about Krishna and a friend.  The friend asked Krishna what maya was.  Krishna told his friend to get water and he will tell him.  On the way to get Krishna water, the friend met a woman, fell in love, got married, had kids and began his life.  Soon enough a flood came and washed everything away and took the friend's family and home away from him.  The friend ended up waking up next to Krishna.  At this point Krishna said told his friend that the family, wife, kids and home he had were all an illusion.  With that said we showed the part of the Wizard of Oz where the wizard was unveiled by the dog Toto after Dorothy, the scarecrow, the tin man and the cowardly lion returned from killing the witch.  The unveiling of the Wizard shows Dororthy and the others, that the Wizard was just an illusion, that her journey to the wizard was her maya.  To emphasize this point further, we showed the part of the movie where Dorothy misses her chance to return to Kansas with the Wizard and Glinda the Good Witch tells Dorothy that she had the ability to go home all along and that she did not have to take the journey.  

In conclusion, Hindu concepts are universal; thus they appear in a lot of movies.  These were only a few examples.  We encourage you to search for others.  What other movies can you see Hindu themes come up in?

Bhagavad Gita Meeting

We have talked somewhat extensively about Karma Yoga, Bhakti Yoga, and Jnana Yoga, and their prevalence in the Bhagavada Gita. We have understood how the Bhagavada Gita is split up into three sections with Shree Krishna essentially detailing the differences between the three yogas. That said, as an oversimplification, the three yogas are as follows: 

Karma Yoga: Yoga of action. Perform actions every day according to your dharma, and as if you are performing them for [God] or even as [God]. 

Bhakti Yoga: Yoga of devotion. There are many devotional practices that can be performed that allows for a close connection with [God]. These can be explained as the attitudes of: 1.Santa Bhava (the attitude of peaceful adoration), 2.Dasya Bhava (attitude of servant towards the master), 3.Sakhya Bhava (attitude of a friend), 4. Vatsalya Bhava (attitude of a parent to the child), 5.Madhurya Bhava (attitude of the lover towards the beloved).

Jnana Yoga: Yoga of knowledge. This is the accumulation of knowledge throughout life to eventually end with philosophical knowledge which helps understanding a distinction between different metaphysical concepts. 

Knowing what we now know about these complex concepts, is it possible to acheive Moksha (self realization) through just one of the yogas explained by Shree Krishna? If not just one, then which one(s) are necessary? Which one(s) are not necessary? 

Yugas and Avatars

Yuga in Hindu philosophy is the name of an epoch or era within a four age cycle. According to Hindu cosmology, life in the universe is create and destroyed once every 4.1 to 8.2 billion years, which is one full day for Brahma. The cycles are said to repeat like the seasons, waxing and waning within a greater time-cycle of the creation and destruction of the universe. Each Yuga involves stages or gradual changes which the earth and the consciousness of mankind goes through as a whole. A complete Yuga cycle from a high Golden Age of Enlightenment to a Dark Age and back again is said to be caused by the solar system's motion around another star.

The four Yugas were Satya Yuga, Treta Yuga, Dvapara Yuga, and the last one which has not occurred yet is the Kali Yuga.

The Satya Yuga is the Yuga when humanity is governed by gods, and every manifestation or work is close to the purest ideal and humanity will allow intrinsic goodness to rule supreme. It is sometimes referred to as the "Golden Age". The Satya Yuga lasts 1,728,000 years. During this Yuga, we see four incarnations of Vishnu which appear to save humanity.

1. Matsya: the fish. Lord Vishnu takes the form of a fish to save Manu from a flood, after which he takes his boat to the new world along with one of every species of plant and animal, gathered in a massive cyclone.
2. Kurma: the tortoise. When the devas and asuras were churning the Ocean of Milk in order to get amrita, the nectar of immortality, the mount Mandara they were using as the churning staff started to sink and Lord Vishnu took the form of a tortoise to bear the weight of the mountain.
3. Varaha: the boar, He appeared to defeat Hiranyaksha, a demon who had taken the Earth, or Prithvi, and carried it to the bottom of what is described as the cosmic ocean in the story. The battle between Varaha and Hiranyaksha is believed to have lasted for a thousand years, which the former finally won. Varaha carried the Earth out of the ocean between his tusks and restored it to its place. 
4. Narasimha: he half-man/half-lion appeared in the Satya Yuga. The rakshasa(An evil person) Hiranyakashipu, the elder brother of Hiranyaksha, was granted a powerful boon from Brahma, not allowing him to be killed by man or animal, inside or out, day or night, on earth or the stars, with a weapon either living or inanimate. Vishnu descended as an anthropomorphic incarnation, with the body of a man and head and claws of a lion. He then disembowels the rakshasa at the courtyard threshold of his house, at dusk, with his claws, while he lay on his thighs.

Treta Yuga is the second out of four yugas. Treta means third in sanskrit. The famous events in this yuga were Lord Vishnu's fifth, sixth and seventh incarnations as Vamana, Parashurama and Rama respectively. 

1. Vamana: Vishnu incarnated as the dwarf son of Aditi to stop King Mahabali of the Asura race, the grandson of Prahlada, from completing a sacrifice which would allow him to overshadow Indra in power and splendor. The jealous and worried Devas persuaded Vishnu to send Bali, a bhakta of his, to Patala, the underworld. Vishnu did so by taking advantage of the King's kindness and refusal to go back on his word, but allowed him a luxurious dwelling and sovereignty in one of the lower worlds.
2. Parashurama, Rama with the axe. He is son of Jamadagni and Renuka. He received an axe after a penance to Shiva. King Kartavirya Arjuna and his army visited the father of Parashurama at his ashram, and the saint was able to feed them with the divine cow Kamadhenu. The king demanded the animal, Jamadagni refused, and the king took it by force and destroyed the ashram. Parashurama then killed the king at his palace and destroyed his army. In revenge, the sons of Kartavirya killed Jamadagni. Parashurama took a vow to kill every Kshatriya on earth twenty-one times over, and filled five lakes with their blood. Ultimately, his grandfather, the great rishi Rucheeka, appeared and made him halt. 
3. Rama: Ramachandra, the prince and king of Ayodhya.  Rama is a commonly worshiped avatar in Hinduism, and is thought of as the ideal heroic man. His story is recounted in one of the most widely read scriptures of Hinduism, the Ramayana. While in exile from his own kingdom with his brother Lakshman and the monkey king Hanuman, his wife Sita was abducted by the demon king of Lanka, Ravana. He travelled to Ashoka Vatika in Lanka, killed the demon king and saved Sita.

Dvapara Yuga is the third out of four Yugas. According to the Puranas, this Yuga ended at the moment when Krishna returned to his eternal abode of Vaikuntha. This Yuga last 864,000 years. The only two pillars in this age are Compassion and Truthfulness.

1. Krishna: was the eighth son of Devaki and Vasudev. Krishna is the most commonly worshiped deity in Hinduism and an avatar in Vaishnava belief. His name means 'dark' or 'attractive', and he appeared in the Dwapara Yuga alongside his brother Balarama, and was the central character of the Bhagavad Gita. He is mentor to Arjuna, delivering him the Gita at the Battle of Kurukshetra. He is often depicted playing the murali and having a mischievous spirit.
2. Buddha: In this age, the true devotion to Vedas was replaced by empty rituals. To enlighten the world, Lord Vishnu descended the earth as Buddha, the enlightened one. He was born as the crown prince of the Kapilavastu to King Suddhodana and Maya. He was named Siddhartha, meaning "All things fulfilled". But his mother died soon after his birth and was brought up by Prajapati, the sister of Maya. Buddha was saddened by death of living creatures, and vices like poverty. He wasn't happy with any answers that were provided to him and he decided to find out the meaning and the absolute truth and he left his wife and child to a hermit's life in the forest and became the enlightened one. Buddha advocated the Middle Path, in which he offered a balanced, harmonious way of life, steering between two extremes of self-indulgence and total abstinence.

Kali Yuga is the "age of Kali" and is the last of the four yugas. Kali Yuga is associated with the demon Kali. This is associated with strife, discord, quarrel, or contention. 

1. Kalki: is the final incarnation of Vishnu, foretold to appear at the end of Kali Yuga, our present epoch. He will be atop a white horse and his sword will be drawn, blazing like a comet. He is the harbinger of end time and will destroy all unrighteousness and evil at the end of Kali Yuga.

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“Whenever righteousness wanes and unrighteousness increases I send myself forth.For the protection of the good and for the destruction of evil,and for the establishment of righteousness,I come into being age after age.” (Gita:4.7–8)

DQ: Why do the Yugas get smaller every time? If Satya Yuga was so good, why did they need 4 avatars and we, in the Kali Yuga, only get one?

Idol Worship

Murti or idol worship is currently an integral part of Hinduism. It is important to distinguish between murtis and idols. The term "murti" means "divine form", and can refer to anything which one prays to when conducting a puja. However, the term "idol" refers to a humanoid figure representing Brahman or God.

            Originally, Hindus did not worship idols, but instead focused on murtis such as Agni (fire) or Surya (sun). Proof of this can be found in the Yajurveda, with this quote: "Of him there is no likeness, whose glory is infinite". The quote describes how no one idol could describe God or Brahman fully. However, a shift eventually occurs; In the Ramayana, Rama worships a Shivalingum in Rameswaram before attacking Sri Lanka. Further proof of this can be seen from the conception of the Shilpa Shashtras, a collection of various Hindu writings that rose to prominence as the use of idols for prayer grew. They we're used as the primary source of information regarding the creation of any murti.

Why do you think idol worship started becoming more and more popular as the standard form of Hindu worship?

            The historical answer for the above question is that Buddhists first started to used idols in their prayer. Hindus, craving the ability to worship at any time outside of a proper puja or havan chose to create their own idols.

            Of course, there are reasons for and against the use of idols within worship. As described by Swami Vivekananda, idol worship helps people to focus on the formlessness nature of God. Idols also allow for a very personal connection with God. One easy way to explain this was through the use of a clip from the cartoon Naruto. Within the clip, the title character is learning how to focus his thoughts onto a specific point. This serves as an analogy for the concept of focus. The clip can be found here--http:/www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=N85THbFWOBc

            However, there are many arguments against the use of idols in worship. For example, the Vedas specifically describe the form of God as formless and describe worship through havan as the primary method for connection with God. Furthermore, certain idols (also murtis) are given extra importance over other murtis. One example of this is the predominant worship of Tirupati within South India. Of course, it is up to the individual to form their own opinion of idol worship and to choose their own path.

Classical Dance in Hinduism

Hindu Classical Dance has many forms all stemming from the Natyasastra. The Natyasastra was written around the 1st century BCE by Sage Bharata. It is considered one of the most highly regarded pieces of literature for dance, and is even considered the fifth Vedas. It’s detailed description of dance, what it means, what it should evoke, and how it should be used is what makes it stand out as one of the most informative pieces of Hindu literature.

The Devadasis were the original dancers of India. They served God through dance and were considered married to God. They held a very high social status, much to the same regard as priests. However, with the influence of outside forces, mainly British influence, the status of a Devadasi was lowered to that of a prostitute. It took many years before classical dance was revived.

With the aid of Rukmini Devi in the 1920s, a resurgence of classical dance was seen. It was transformed from the prostitute social status to that of a worship based artform. Though it never regained it’s status as a Devadasi, and equivalent to that of a priest, it still regained some of it’s footing.

The many forms of dance include: Bharatnatyam, Kuchipudi, Manipuri, Odissi, Mohinniattyam, Sattriya, Kathak, and Kathakali. These are only a few of the many in India. Though very different in structure and composition, all these dance forms have similar underlying principles. The elements of natya- dramatic element, nritta-rhythmic footwork, and nritya- the interpretation are what tie all these art forms together.

Finally, it is evident that classical dance has often been interpreted as Bollywood in media. So You Think You Can Dance is one such example. By taking classical dance elements, and fusing them with Bollywood beats and music has been seen more recently. Is this appropriate?

Yatho Hasta Thatho Drishti,

Yatho Drishti Thatho Manah

Yatho Manah Thatho Bhaava,

Yatho Bhaava Thatho Rasa

-Natyasastra

Do you think that the societal shift of dance from Devadasi to prostitution affected its religiosity spiritual value?

Is it important to know the meaning of the dance you are watching? Do you think this is necessary? Does this help us spiritually? Why or why not?

Traditional Indian Dance has found it’s way into Bollywood, Hollywood, and other media outlets. Is this a good or bad thing? Why or why not?

Puja Meeting

Puja is a religious ritual performed by Hindus as an offering to various deities, distinguished persons, or special guests. In Hinduism, it is done on a variety of occasions and settings, from daily puja done in the home, to temple ceremonies and large festivals, or to begin a new venture. The two main areas where puja is performed is in the home and at public temples. There are many variations in scale, offering, and ceremony.  Puja is also performed on special occasions such as Durga Puja and Lakshmi Puja. The puja is performed by Hindus worldwide. Various poojas are performed at various times of the day and on various times.

Difficult to say how exactly the Puja ceremony evolved

- Not practiced by the Vedic people

- Vedic community used physical and ritual sacrifices

- worshipped elements of nature

- chanted mantras, and incantations

There is a difference between Homa's an Pujas. A Homa is a ritual where offerings are made in a fire, it was used frequently in vedic times. It differs from Puja because it lacks a visual idol. 

Different types of Pujas: 

Ganapathi Puja - rebirth of the lord Ganesha. Believed lord ganesha bestows his presence on earth for all his devotees during this festival.

Subramanaya Puja: performed to the idol of Subramanya. Dispeller of all fears. Overcoming problems during pregnacy or having issues conceiving.

Lakshmi Puja: ususally performed during Diwali. People use oil lamps outside their homes and hope Lakshmi will come to bless them

Saraswathi Puja: making the start of spring and the Holi season.

Durga Puja: marks the victory of Goddess Durga over the evil buffalo demon Maheshasura. Victory of Good over evil

Shiva Shakti Puja: helps to improve harmony in the marriage and to help integrate material and spiritual progress

Kali Puja: Kali is the fearful and ferocious form of the mother goddess. Kali puja helps to diminish our ego and all negative tendencies that hinder spiritual progress and material prosperity.

Discussion Questions:

1) What do you think of when you think about a puja?

2) Why do you think the transition was made to visual idols in pujas?

3) Are Puja's a necessary practice in Hinduism? Why or why not?

Common Mantras

For this weeks meeting we focused on Mantras, Shlokas and Bhajans.

Mantras is a sanskrit sound, syllable, word, or group of words which is itself capable of creating spiritual transformation. Shlokas are similar, the Mahabharata and Ramayana are examples of poems written exclusively in Shlokas. A bhajan is any type of devotional songs. It could even be as simple as a mantra or kirtan. It is normally lyrical, expressing love for the divine. 

During the meeting we went through some common mantras, shlokas and bhajans. Listed below are a sample of what we discussed along with the English translations. 

Mantra

अन्धं तमः प्रविशन्ति येऽविद्यामुपासते | 

ततो भूय इव ते तमो य उ विद्यायान् रताः ||

  andhaṁ tamaḥ praviśanti ye'vidyāmupāsate

tato bhūya iva te tamo ya u vidyāyān ratāḥ

                          īśopaniṣad 9

Into blind darkness they enter,

 those who worship ignorance;

 And into even blinder darkness,

 those who delight in learning.

Discussion Question 1:

Do you find peace in the sounds of a prayer or do you need find it necessary to understand the meaning?

 Saraswati - Goddess of Knowledge

  Saraswati namastubhyam, Varade kaamaroopini; 

Vidyaarambham karishyaami, Siddhir bhavatu me sadaa. 

Meaning: Oh, Goddess Sarasvati, I bow to you, who are the fulfiller of all my wishes. I start my studies with the request that you will give me your blessings.

Ganesh- God of New Beginnings

  Vakratunda Mahakaaya
   Suryakoti Samaprabha
   Nirvighnam Kuru Mey Deva
  Sarva Kaaryeshu Sarvada

Meaning:
The Lord with the curved trunk and a mighty body, who has the luster of a million suns, I pray to thee Oh Lord, to remove the obstacles from all the actions I intend to perform.

Why do think there are prayers particular to certain gods? Should people pray to them only in time of need?

Hinduism Today

After seeing the effects of invasions on Hinduism, we move on to a study of the state of Hinduism in today's society. This study and discussion focuses on the common Hindu practices and their effects or lack of effects in many parts of society. We take a look at things like Ahimsa, Yoga, Aum, Karma, and Reincarnation, and then relate them to changes in temples/practices (including the change of language), Hinduism in the mainstream society, and the idea that people are learning more about Hinduism.  

The discussion centers around temple architecture and depiction of Gods, Hinduism in Bollywood, Hindus taking on roles of politicians internationally, religious symbols on clothing and inked on people Hindu and non-Hindu alike, and differences in the willingness to learn more about in-depth concepts in society as a whole. 

Discussion questions considered are: 

How do you feel about religious symbols on clothing, shoes, among many other things in society? Do you find it offensive or not? 

What is your take on the debate regarding Yoga (Specifically the debate as to the origins of the Yoga performed in the United States e.g. Bikram Yoga, Hot Yoga, etc.)?

The main question to consider through all of this is: Is it Globalization that changed Hinduism, or Hinduism that changed the Globe?  

Effects of Invasion on Hinduism

1. This week’s meeting, Effects of Invasions on Hinduism, focused on the history and the changes that Hinduism went through.  Hinduism is said to have began when the Aryans invaded the Indus River Valley civilization.  The Aryan’s invasion into the Valley marked the beginning of the Vedic culture and the foundation of Hinduism.  There has been a lot of debate of how the Aryans really affected Hinduism and whether or not they invaded the area. However, over the years, what we know as India today, was under the rule of two major empires- the Mughals and the British.  
   
   
2. Under the Mughal Empire, Hinduism went through periods where Mughal rulers were both tolerant and intolerant of the religion. Notable, tolerant rulers were Akbar and Babur. Both welcomed Hindus to practice their religion within the reign of the Mughal Empire. Babur took additional steps to protect the cows - considered sacred in Hinduism - and allowed the construction of new temples. During Akbar’s ruling years, he abolished the pilgrimage tax and allowed Hindus to conduct their pilgrimages fully. Aurangzeb, the last ruler of the Mughal Empire in India, was known to be very intolerant. He put the Sharia Law into effect and ended the policy of religious tolerance. Additionally, he ordered the destruction of Hindu temples and reinstated the tax. Persian influence can been seen in language and architecture of temple structures.
   
   
3. Under the British Empire, many Hindus experienced religious discrimination. They were not able to practice their religion freely once Christian missionaries and scholars began to come to India to “westernize” the country through religion.  Tension between Hindus and the British increased when the Hindus found out the British forced them to use cow grease for rifle bullets.  Also, the role of technology which disrupted the Indian- Hindus’ traditional, slow paced culture and economy added to the tension.  Furthermore, the British rule created increasing tension between the Indian- Hindu’s and Indian Muslims; which, is still a prevailing issue now.  However, all these cases gave the push for India to fight for Independence.  Ramakrishna and Gandhi are famous reformers who used Hindu teachings and knowledge to fight for Independence for India.
   
   
4. After independence, Hinduism started expanding westward.  Many Hindus Migrated to Great Britain and North America.  By the end of the millenium, Hindu communities were well established socially, economically and academically.  
   
   
5. From the research done for this meeting, it can be concluded that Hinduism can not be easily or uniformly characterized.  Challenges will cause for new developments; however, at the same time, practices and beliefs that have been there from the beginning are still maintained.  
   
   
6. Discussion questions :
1. What do you know about the development of Hinduism?  What factors influenced it?
2. Do you see these invasions as providing  a positive or a negative impact to Hinduism?
3. If there really was no Aryan invasion into the Indus River Valley, how do you think the Vedic culture came about?

Practicing Hinduism as a Student

Brahmacharya is the student stage of life. This stage is focused on learning the foundation of lifestyle and self-discipline. The word brahmacharya means both scholarship and celibacy. After his upanayan, or thread ceremony, the Hindu boy became a brahmachari: someone who would devote the rest of this ashram as a celibate scholar. The entire period of this stage of his life would be spent in an atmosphere of discipline, self-control and study. In other words, a brahmachari was not supposed to get distracted by anything that would stray him off path of fulfilling his dharma. At this point, his life was suppposed to be centered only around learning.

 In the old gurukul system, the brahmachari would stay with his guru.

In addition to the scriptures, the guru would initiate the scholar into the Hindu traditions and way of life. The student would learn in various ways.

The ancient mantras, the alphabet, the fundamentals of mathematics and other knowledge that was applicable to his caste.

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Compared to modern day Hinduism, we face some obstacles in trying to apply many of the concepts of the Brahmachaya Ashram. Lack of a regular access to a temple, Less guidance through rituals, Lack of a parental guidance, College Environment, Busy Schedules and Stereotypes. Some ways we discussed overcoming those obstacles include having some sort of physical statue or picture in your dorm or apartment, Set out time specifically for prayer and spiritual growth, even if its only 5 minutes, Remember your dharma, and Learn and grow spiritually so you can defend your faith if questioned.  

Discussion Questions:

Do you think that the ashrams were a social construct before a religious one? Do you think that it was written in the Vedas and then people started following it? 

What are some obstacles to practicing your faith that you have faced as a student in college? What have you done/are trying to do to overcome them?

Is it necessary to follow this timeline of four stages of life? Why or why not?

Gita Meeting

The Bhagavad Gita is arguably one of the most important and holy texts in Hinduism. Taking place upon the grand battleground, Kurukshetra, during the epic Mahabharat, right before the great battle between the Pandavas and their malevolent cousins, the Kauravas, the Gita details the conversation between a distraught Arjuna (one of the Pandavas) and his closest friend, Lord Krishna (an avatar of Brahman). Arjuna, lost and distressed at having to fight many of his family, teachers, and friends, asks God (in the form of Krishna), to explain why he must fight. The Bhagavad Gita follows Krishna's teachings to Arjuna.

Krishna illustrates Arjuna's dharma, or duty, that he must pursue in order to accomplish moksha, or enlightenment. He also teaches Arjuna various other paths to moksha.

·         Karma Yoga - The path to moksha through action. This path is pursued by following your duty as a citizen, your morality, and your personality, without the concern of the benefits or detriments of your action and devoting your action to Brahman. In other words, living your life without ego and attachment. In the case of Arjuna, his path was to fight as his dharma was to be a kshatriya, or a warrior. His personality was not fit to be an ascetic and he was a warrior, thus his duty dictated him to fight in the great Kurukshetra War.

·         Bhakti Yoga- The path to moksha through devotion. This path is pursued by devoting your mind, body, and soul to Brahman in whatever form you may perceive. Through following this path, the relationship is so strong that it oftentimes is akin to a human relationship, e.g.- the love between a mother and child, teacher and student, two lovers, husband and wife, etc. A follower of bhakti yoga would love a form of God so strongly that ego and attachment is lost. This is how moksha is attained through bhakti yoga.

• Jñāna Yoga- The path to moksha through knowledge. This path is pursued by devoting yourself to the learning and, more importantly, the understanding of spiritual knowledge. This knowledge is primarily of kshetra, or of the body, kshetra-jna, or of the soul, and being able to distinguish between the two. The follower of this path would attempt to learn this knowledge through spiritual guidance from spiritual Hindu texts and a guru, ostensibly one who has attained moksha and by understanding the physical world. The ability to see through the maya, or illusion, of this world is the most important quality.

These paths to achieving moksha all have a common theme of dharma. Dharma cannot be simply described as a person's duty because the term, spiritually, comprises a much deeper meaning. Dharma is not the same for every person, yet by following one's dharma, Krishna maintains that you attain moksha. The previous three yogas, or paths to moksha, are simply massive categories that your dharma can fall under. Hinduism does not prescribe a formula for people to attain moksha, as every person's persona and situation, in some way, differs from each others'. A current day and personal example would be this author's own mother who is a zealous devotee of the popular saint, Sai Baba. She views Sai Baba as her teacher and guide through her life and often talks to him, definitely an example of bhakti yoga. Not only this, but she studies his life through various biographies and writings of Sai Baba and attempts to implement his teachings as personally as possible. This is a prominent example of jñāna yoga. Finally, she maintains all of her dharma as a mother of two children and provides, cares, and protects them. That is a final example of karma yoga. Obviously, she does not stringently follow any one yoga, but follows her own mixture that has been dictated by her personality, attributes, and situation.

Hinduism does not and cannot tell you what your dharma is and how to accomplish completing your dharma, but it can help guide you to moksha, and, in the end, that is what the Bhagavad Gita tells us.

Symbols in Hinduism

Symbolism plays a great role in Hinduism. In fact they are the signs that represent the Infinite which would be incomprehensible to the common people. Imagine doing mathematics without the help of numeral signs for numbers. In Hinduism, the symbols also bring intimacy of the Supreme God to the common people as a personal God. There are so any symbols, to name a few: Shiva Lingam, Swastika, Bindi/Tilak, Janeu/Poonal, Trishula, Tantra etc etc. 

The prime symbol of worship representing God (The word "shiva lingam" translates to symbol of the Perfect God) for Shaivites. (In fact the name itself means symbol). This is broad in the middle and conical towards the top. This is the form of flame. In Shaivite philosophy the God is formless. Due to the Grace on the souls for the easy comprehension of the Divine and liberation the God appeared in the form of a Flame. This flame is what is worshiped as lingam in stone and other forms that make the worship easier. This is considered more sacred than form worship by Shaivites. 

n Hinduism, the lotus (Sanskrit: padma) primarily represents beauty and non-attachment. The lotus is rooted in the mud but floats on the water without becoming wet or muddy. This symbolizes how how one should live in the world in order to gain release from rebirth: withoutattachment to one's surroundings.

"One who performs his duty without attachment, surrendering the results unto the Supreme Lord, is unaffected by sinful action, as the lotus leaf is untouched by water."
-- Bhagavad Gita 5.10

A similar meaning is given to the lotus symbol in Buddhism. 

The lotus is associated with several Hindu deities. Krishna is described as the "Lotus-Eyed One," referring to his divine beauty. Brahma and Lakshmi, the deities of potence and wealth, are often seen with the lotus symbol. Other deities associated with the lotus include Vishnu and Sarasvati.

Finally, the lotus is also a symbol for the centers of consciousness(chakras) in the body.

A yantra is a geometrical diagram representing the universe. It is used in Hindu worship and meditation, especially in Tantrism. A yantra is quite similar to a mandala. but a yantra is different in that it can be a three-dimensional object of worship as well as a two-dimensional diagram.

LIke the mandala, the yantra symbolizes cosmogenic development, from the absolute in the center to the material world at the edges. Yantras often have a seed mantra inscribed on them, and they are considered the verbal equivalent of a mantra.

Social Issues and Hinduism

Karma and Legal System

- Why do we have criminal justice system in India even though the prevailing belief is that Karma is believed to give the ultimate consequence?

Is karma alone perfect? Can it create a reinforcing cycle that is difficult to get out of?

·         There are many similarities and differences between these two systems. Here are a few examples:

Repercussions

LS – third party sets and imposes consequences

K – nature of cause and effect

 Accountability

 LS – possibly escapable (must be proven guilty)

 K – inevitable reaction to cause, inescapable

“Laws”

 LS – indicate what is wrong

 K – no strict definition for right or wrong

 Focus

 LS – punishment, emphasis on action versus purpose

 K – punishment and reward, emphasis on purpose versus action

 Scope

 LS – inextricably tied to the act

 K – always independent of actions

·         How does the legal system reconcile with karma?

- Does this in essence provide a compounded punishment to the guilty?

- Does the one providing the punishment via the legal system get punished himself by placing the life of someone else in his hands?

Evolution of Sexuality

Sexuality has become so prevalent in media, but there is still little communication about this in the home environment.

Early India:

·        Shiv Lingum

·        Temple architecture

·        Gods viewed as sexual (for ex: Kunti and her sons, Radha-Krishna, Apsaras in heaven, Shiva-Parvati)

   

  Modern India:

·        Influence in Bollywood, especially during love songs

·        Conservative dress in temples

·        Discrepancy between conservative beliefs and practice

o   How did this shift occur?

·        Conservative Mughal and  British Empires influenced Indian beliefs

·        Early India: No contraception/birth control, later puberty, earlier marriages since no school -> people wanted to wait until marriage to have children so that they could have a stable support system

·        Modern India: Presence of contraception/birth control, earlier puberty, later marriage due to extensive schooling (high school –> college -> graduate school -> career) -> less people willing to wait until marriage to have sex

·         Why is there still a discrepancy between how our religion and society have evolved?

Movie Night

Hindu philosophy is one that developed over time from a study of the human experience by those we call Rishis. Because this experience is universal, so are the conclusions drawn from it within Hindu Philosophy. As such, we see many concepts prominent in Hinduism make their way into expressions of other cultures. During this meeting we examined two such examples- the idea of Karma Yoga in The Dark Knight and the idea of Maya in The Matrix.

                The goal of Karma Yoga is the destruction of ego so that one may obtain realization. Karma Yoga teaches us to act without ego or personal preference, and to do so without attachment to the fruits of our action. In Batman we see many of these characteristics at play. He remains anonymous throughout the movies, showing that he has dedicated himself to the ideal of justice and does not care for any recognition- he has given up his ego and acts purely in service of an ideal. He is an imperfect example at times, for example when he chooses to save Rachel instead of Harvey Dent, but at the end of the movie he is willing to completely surrender his identity as a superhero and take on the role of a villain just so that Gotham may have hope in its future. This final action represents the most karma-yogic action of all in the movie.

                In the Matrix, we see the theory of Maya come into play through the idea that the world around us that we perceive to be real may actually not be. Rather, according to the Advaita philosophy, this world is one form of reality that is less real than the ultimate reality- Brahman. Through our own flawed perception we believe this world is all that exists when in fact Brahman is the foundation of this very world. We come to know the nature of Brahman through 3 methods: perception of him through knowledge (symbolized in the red pill Morpheus offers Neo), through a reliable witness (Morpheus), or through logic. Using these methods we come to see Brahman as defined by 3 attributes: existence, consciousness, and bliss. From these 3 characteristics comes the name satchidananda, a common name used for Brahman.

Can you make any connections between Batman and Karma Yoga?

DQ#2:

●What does “less real” mean to you? Is it possible for there to be degrees of reality, or is something either real or an illusion?